Lausanne, the capital of Olympic sport overlooking Lake Geneva, is reeling after discovering that much of its soil is polluted with toxic compounds belched out by an old incinerator.
The situation, which has troubling implications for children and eating home-grown food, is unprecedented in wealthy Switzerland, which prides itself on its pristine mountains, lakes and pastures.
A domestic waste incineration plant in the Alpine nation's fourth-biggest city—closed since in 2005—is being blamed for the dioxin fall-out.
Dioxins, which belong to the so-called 'dirty dozen' dangerous chemicals known as persistent organic pollutants, have the potential to be highly toxic. They have been shown to affect several organs and systems.
The problem was discovered by sheer chance between January and May this year at a planned new ecological allotment in the city.
For years, pollution monitoring had focused on air and water.
"As we did not look for dioxins, we never found them," Natacha Litzistorf, the city councillor for the environment, told AFP.
The discovery triggered soil analysis measurements at 126 sites across the city. Experts also looked at the risks associated with exposure to polluted soils.
Pollution map
The city has issued a map showing four concentric rings, with zones containing concentrations in the soil of 20-50 nanogrammes (ng) per kilogramme, 50-100, 100-200 and then above 200 in the middle.
This week Lausanne announced that those studies found the dioxin levels, and the expanse of the affected area, were much worse than previously thought.
The city has issued a map showing four concentric rings, with zones containing concentrations in the soil of 20-50 nanogrammes (ng) per kilogramme, 50-100, 100-200 and then above 200 in the middle. A peak of 640 was recorded in the city centre.
The affected zone stretches 5.25 kilometres (3.2 miles) inland and measures around 3.6 kilometres across.
People are instructed to wash fruit and vegetables grown in gardens and allotments and wash their hands after touching soil.
In zones with more than 100 ng toxic equivalent per kg, root vegetables grown in the area must be washed and peeled. Courgettes, cucumbers, gherkins, squashes, marrows and melons grown in the soil should not be eaten.
In all the affected zones, people should not eat chickens raised on the soil, offer or sell eggs from such chickens, while only those in the 20-50 zone can eat their eggs—though just one per week.
Parents must also stop infants aged under four from ingesting soil, for example by touching their mouths after playing on the ground.
Warning signs have been installed around the city's parks and playgrounds.
'Tempt the devil'
The concentric circles appear to lead to only one source.
"We quickly suspected the cause was linked to a former incinerator," Litzistorf said.
The Vallon plant opened in 1958 and was initially welcomed as a way of dealing with the city's garbage.
"At the time, it was thought much better to site waste incinerators in the city centre to protect agriculture in the countryside," Litzistorf explained.
The dioxin pollution dates from 1958 to 1982, when the Vallon filters were upgraded to environmental norms.
Didier Burgi, who owns a vegetable garden plot, said the discovery had sparked questions among veteran home growers.
"We are not going to eat the squashes. We don't have a lot of them, but there was specific information about them and we're not going to tempt the devil," he told AFP.
The major Chatelard allotment, by the new football stadium on the edge of the city, heard Thursday that it had readings under 20 ng.
In zones with more than 100 ng toxic equivalent per kg, root vegetables grown in the area must be washed and peeled.
Plot holder Jose Torres compared his imperfect tomatoes to the flawless ones in supermarkets.
"Everything you buy is full of chemicals," he said. "From my plot, I know what I'm eating."
Jacqueline Felder, tilling her beans, spinach, lettuce and carrots in the afternoon sunshine, said: "I've been growing vegetables for 15 years. We are not worried.
"People are afraid of everything these days.
"The Earth is our mother. Respect it."
Next steps
The World Health Organization says short-term exposure to high levels of dioxins may result in skin lesions, such as chloracne and patchy darkening of the skin, and altered liver function.
Long-term exposure is linked to impairment of the immune system, the developing nervous system, the endocrine system and reproductive functions.
Litzistorf said she was not aware of anyone coming forward with physical conditions linked to dioxin pollution.
But the question of potential liability remains unresolved, as does the issue of what to do next, as the dioxin hunt expands.
Whether the soil can be cleaned up, on such a wide scale, "is the question that everyone is asking", said Litzistorf—along with who should do it, how, and how much it might cost.
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