Methodology of the paper.
Credit: Nature Communications (2024). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46305-9
Renovating buildings to improve their energy efficiency is a crucial step towards Switzerland achieving its climate targets. ETH Zurich researchers can now reveal the most effective renovation strategies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions: replace fossil-fuel heating systems and harness the potential of bio-based building materials like straw and hemp.
Switzerland is home to just under 1.8 million residential buildings and a further million non-residential ones. Together, these account for some 40 percent of the country's final energy demand. Buildings represent a key lever in moving Switzerland towards climate neutrality: far more than half of all of its buildings are still heated using fossil fuels like oil and gas.
What's more, the vast majority were built at a time before effective efficiency standards, and many are in desperate need of renovation to make them more energy-efficient.
Considering a building's life cycle
Traditional renovations are geared towards energy consumption and involve two main measures: insulating the shell of a building to lower its energy consumption and replacing fossil-fuel heating systems to promote the use of renewables. In light of climate change, more attention is being paid to the question of how to renovate a building to ensure that its greenhouse gas emissions are as low as possible throughout its life cycle.
At ETH Zurich, the Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geomatic Engineering has spent years researching this topic. A recent study by Guillaume Habert, Professor of Sustainable Construction, and Bruno Sudret, Professor of Risk, Safety and Uncertainty Quantification, supplies some new answers.
This study was produced in collaboration with the University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland (Yverdon) and Chalmers University of Technology (Gothenburg). It was published in Nature Communications.
Replacement heating and insulation
The study focuses on six buildings that have remained largely unrenovated since they were first built between 1911 and 1988. These specific buildings were selected to provide a representative sample of all Swiss buildings. For each of these properties, the researchers calculated the volume of greenhouse gas emissions that would result from a variety of renovation measures over the course of a 60-year building life cycle (from the time of the renovation).
One aspect the researchers examined was replacing the existing heating system with one powered by gas, wood pellets, or a heat pump. Another was installing layers of insulation of different thicknesses—both using conventional insulation materials (EPS, fiberglass, mineral wool, cellulose fibers) and insulation materials made from fast-growing plants (straw, hemp).
Factoring in the building material is important because the different manufacturing processes vary greatly in terms of their energy needs and, therefore, also in the amount of greenhouse gas emissions they cause.
An analysis of the heating demand of the Swiss building stock by year of construction (according to the Federal Statistical Office) shows that there is great potential for increasing energy efficiency, particularly in buildings constructed before 1980.
Credit: Nature Communications (2024). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46305-9
"CO2 emissions from the manufacture of conventional insulation materials can be very high, sometimes high enough to cancel out the positive effects they have on energy consumption when used in the renovation of a building," Habert says.
Building materials made from renewable raw materials are responsible for much lower greenhouse gas emissions. Moreover, they offer the added bonus of absorbing CO2 from the atmosphere while they grow and store it long-term in the building.
An 87 percent drop in greenhouse gases
The calculations for greenhouse gas emissions from a building over a 60-year life cycle show that replacing oil and gas heating systems is the cheapest and most effective way of cutting these emissions. Moreover, using bio-based insulation materials is also a top priority.
"Our results show—based on our assumptions—that Switzerland's buildings could cut their greenhouse gas emissions by up to 87 percent primarily by switching to heat pumps or wood pellets, but also by using bio-based building materials such as straw bales, hemp mats, and hempcrete," says Alina Galimshina, describing one of the principal findings of the study, which is based largely on the doctoral thesis she wrote at ETH Zurich.
Galimshina came up with an innovative way of calculating the greenhouse gas emissions and the (investment, operating, and maintenance) costs for the duration of the life cycle. After all, choosing the right renovation strategy largely depends on future developments such as the rise in ambient temperatures resulting from climate change, but also energy prices, the carbon footprint of grid electricity, user behavior, and other factors.
The study factors in these uncertainties by employing suitable mathematical tools. Computational models for assessing life-cycle criteria take up a great deal of computing time. The team used machine learning to develop a surrogate model to reduce the computing effort required.
"Thanks to this surrogate model, we managed to optimize the various parameters related to the potential renovation options while taking into account the uncertainties of energy prices, the carbon footprint of grid electricity, and ambient temperatures," Sudret says.
This optimization was made possible using the UQLab software tool, which has been developed by his group and used to quantify uncertainties in predictive models from various disciplines since 2015 and further expanded for this very project.
Today, everyone is talking about the need to replace fossil-fuel heating systems, but the use of bio-based building materials like straw and hemp is still in its infancy. These materials are met with skepticism in the building trade because they sometimes need thicker insulation and raise questions about dampness and fire safety. Another hot topic is the high cost of renovations that use bio-based insulation, although critics have been known to ignore the corresponding reductions in operating costs.
With these aspects in mind, the research team has set itself the goal of sharing the results of their work with planners, architects, and other building experts. These efforts, which are part of an ongoing project by the Swiss National Science Foundation's Agora Programme, include discussion forums and a survey of experts from the building industry. At the same time, a website is being set up that provides a software tool for comparing how climate-friendly different renovation strategies are.
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