Thursday, 30 September 2021

Science News: Israeli researchers find the perfect temperature to save avocados

 

Israeli researchers find the perfect temperature to save avocados 


The rise in temperature due to global warming has led to a shortage of the popular avocado plant, driving researchers to seek out the optimal conditions for its survival.


Largest Underwater Eruption Ever Recorded Gives Birth to Massive New Volcano

MICHELLE STARR, 30 SEPTEMBER 2021

Elevation maps in 2014 and 2019 reveal the new volcano. 
(Feuillet et al., Nature Geoscience, 2021)

A huge seismic event that started in May of 2018 and was felt across the entire globe has officially given birth to a new underwater volcano.

Off the eastern coast of the island of Mayotte, a gigantic new feature rises 820 meters (2,690 feet) from the seafloor, a prominence that hadn't been there prior to an earthquake that rocked the island in May 2018.

"This is the largest active submarine eruption ever documented," the researchers wrote in their paper.

The new feature, thought to be part of a tectonic structure between the East African and Madagascar rifts, is helping scientists understand deep Earth processes about which we know relatively little.

The seismic rumbles of the ongoing event started on 10 May 2018. Just a few days later, on 15 May, a magnitude 5.8 quake struck, rocking the nearby island. Initially, scientists were perplexed; but it didn't take long to figure out that a volcanic event had occurred, the likes of which had never been seen before.

The signals pointed to a location around 50 kilometers from the Eastern coast of Mayotte, a French territory and part of the volcanic Comoros archipelago sandwiched between the Eastern coast of Africa and the Northern tip of Madagascar.

So a number of French governmental institutions sent a research team to check it out; there, sure enough, was an undersea mountain that hadn't been there before.

Led by geophysicist Nathalie Feuillet of the University of Paris in France, the scientists have now described their findings in a new paper.

The team began monitoring the region in February of 2019. They used a multibeam sonar to map an 8,600-square-kilometer area of seafloor. They also placed a network of seismometers on the seafloor, up to 3.5 kilometers deep, and combined this with seismic data from Mayotte.

Between 25 February and 6 May 2019, this network detected 17,000 seismic events, from a depth of around 20 to 50 kilometers below the ocean floor – a highly unusual finding, since most earthquakes are much shallower. An additional 84 events were also highly unusual, detected at very low frequencies.

Armed with this data, the researchers were able to reconstruct how the formation of the new volcano may have occurred. It started, according to their findings, with a magma reservoir deep in the asthenosphere, the molten mantle layer located directly below Earth's lithosphere.

Below the new volcano, tectonic processes may have caused damage to the lithosphere, resulting in dykes that drained magma from a reservoir up through the crust, producing swarms of earthquakes in the process. Eventually, this material made its way to the seafloor, where it erupted, producing 5 cubic kilometers of lava and building the new volcano.

The low-frequency events were likely generated by a shallower, fluid-filled cavity in the crust that could have been repeatedly excited by seismic strain on faults close to the cavity.

As of May 2019, the extruded volume of the new volcanic edifice is between 30 and 1,000 times larger than estimated for other deep-sea eruptions, making it the most significant undersea volcanic eruption ever recorded.

"The volumes and flux of emitted lava during the Mayotte magmatic event are comparable to those observed during eruptions at Earth's largest hotspots," the researchers wrote.

"Future scenarios could include a new caldera collapse, submarine eruptions on the upper slope or onshore eruptions. Large lava flows and cones on the upper slope and onshore Mayotte indicate that this has occurred in the past.

"Since the discovery of the new volcanic edifice, an observatory has been established to monitor activity in real time, and return cruises continue to follow the evolution of the eruption and edifices."


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Clover growth in Mars-like soils boosted by bacterial symbiosis

SEPTEMBER 29, 2021, by Public Library of Science

Observed growth differences between clover (Melilotus officinalis) inoculated with nodule forming bacteria Sinorhizobium meliloti (left) and a clover plant not inoculated when grown in Martian regolith. 
Credit: Harris et al., 2021, PLOS ONE, CC-BY 4.0 (creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

Clover plants grown in Mars-like soils experience significantly more growth when inoculated with symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria than when left uninoculated. Franklin Harris of Colorado State University, U.S., and colleagues present these findings in the open-access journal PLOS ONE on September 29, 2021.

As Earth's population grows, researchers are studying the possibility of farming Martian soils, or "regolith." However, regolith is lacking in some essential plant nutrients, including certain nitrogen-containing molecules that plants require to live. Therefore, agriculture on Mars will require strategies to increase the amount of these nitrogen compounds in regolith.

Harris and colleagues hypothesize that bacteria could play a cost-effective role in making Martian soils more fertile. On Earth, bacteria in soils help convert or "fix" atmospheric nitrogen into the molecules that plants need. Some of these microbes have symbiotic relationships with plants, in which they fix nitrogen within nodules found on plant roots.

To explore a possible role for symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria in astro agriculture, the researchers grew clover in man-made regolith that closely matches that of Mars. They inoculated some of the plants with the microbe Sinorhizobium meliloti, which is commonly found in clover root nodules on Earth. Previous research had shown that clover can be grown in regolith, but had not explored inoculation with nitrogen- fixers.

The researchers found that the inoculated clover experienced 75% more root and shoot growth compared to the uninoculated clover. However, the regolith surrounding the inoculated plants showed no signs of elevated NH4—an essential nitrogen-containing molecule for plants—compared to the regolith surrounding uninoculated plants.

These findings suggest that the symbiotic microbes boosted clover growth, but did not result in excess production of nitrogen compounds that other plants growing nearby could hypothetically use. The researchers also grew some clover in potting soil and noted certain differences in the symbiotic relationship when comparing the plants grown in regolith versus soil.

These findings suggest the possibility that symbiosis between plants and nitrogen-fixing bacteria could aid agriculture on Mars. Future research could continue to explore such relationships with other crops and address issues with plant toxicity in regolith.

The authors add: "This study shows that nodule forming bacteria Sinorhizobium meliloti has been shown to nodulate in Martian regolith, significantly enhancing growth of clover (Melilotus officinalis) in a greenhouse assay. This work increases our understanding of how plant and microbe interactions will help aid efforts to terraform regolith on Mars."


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UK SUFFERS FREEZING LOWS AND RARE SEPTEMBER SNOWS, SEVERE EARLY-SEASON SNOWSTORM STRIKES ICELAND, + “UNSEASONAL SNOW” KILLS TWO TREKKERS IN NORTHERN INDIA

SEPTEMBER 30, 2021 CAP ALLON


Northern Hemisphere snow cover is building early this season, just as a bout of historically low solar activity predicts…

UK SUFFERS FREEZING LOWS AND RARE SEPTEMBER SNOWS

After a relatively mild month, September in the UK is being capped-off with freezing lows and rare snows — another example of the ‘swings between extremes‘ expected during times of reduced solar output.

The mercury across the home nations has tumbled well-below the seasonal average this week.

On Wednesday, temperatures in Kilbrace, Scotland plunged to -0.7C (30.7F) and delivered the first frost of the season.

Accompanying the cold has been rare September snow, most notably across the higher elevations — both Ben Nevis and the Cairngorm plateau have registered totals of between 5 to 10cm (2 to 4 inches)–incredibly rare totals for September.





Dusting of September snow on Ben Nevis.




Arctic air hasn’t just been confined to northern regions, either — the chill has been felt nationwide:

GFS 2m Temp Anomalies (C) Thurs, Sept 30 [tropicaltidbits.com].

Looking ahead, further unseasonable lows and early snows are in the forecast as the calendar flips to October.

Another 10cm (4 inches) could settle Saturday through Sunday in Scotland–but also note those record-threatening early-season dumps across the Alps, the Pyrenees, and Scandinavia (shown below). These are mouth-dropping totals, and comfortably put to bed those absurd IPCC fairy tales of no more snow: “milder winter temperatures will reduced heavy snowstorms”.

GFS Total Snowfall (cm) Sept 30 – Oct 16 [tropicaltidbits.com].

Winter is encroaching early in Europe.
Given the current energy shortages, this does not bode well.

Prepare.


SEVERE, EARLY-SEASON SNOWSTORM STRIKES ICELAND

Let’s not forget ‘the Land of Fire and Ice’ in all this — Iceland has suffered truly astonishing snow totals this week.

Rescue workers were called out more than 100 times on Tuesday, reports Morgunblaðið, as a severe snowstorm pummeled northern and western parts of the island with high winds and blizzard-like conditions.

Most of the calls involved drivers whose vehicles were stuck in the unseasonable snow.





Rescue team at work [ICE-SAR].






“We would have liked to see people heed the repeated warnings yesterday, stressing that no travel was advised,” said Davíð Már Bjarnason, media representative for ICE-SAR, the Icelandic Association for Search and Rescue.

“In the afternoon, there were reports of drivers in the most surprising of places,” he added.

“We didn’t expect people to be traveling in the highlands in this kind of weather.”

In Northwest Iceland, a bus skidded off the road near the Heggstaðanes exit.

All 37 passenger on board escaped without injury and were quickly transported to safety at a nearby hotel.





A bus skided off the road in Hrútafjörður [ICE-SAR].




In Siglufjörður, firefighters and rescue workers were called out when basements flooded.

Trees were uprooted in some areas, and power lines came down in North Iceland, leading to power outages for many.

According to meteorologist Einar Sveinbjörnsson, at the Icelandic Met Office, Tuesday’s storm was unusual in two ways:

“What is special and unusual is that the low pressure area traveled from east to west. It is not unheard of, but much more commonly, they travel the other way, from the southwest and across the country.”

The second unusual thing was just how ridiculously early such an extreme wintry storm hit the island, added Sveinbjörnsson.

The heavy snow even resulted in five avalanches across Iceland this week, adding to the six avalanches registered last week — this is unheard of so soon in the season, and hints of a doozy of a winter to come.

Looking to mid-October (shown below), the snowy picture looks set to continue:

GFS Snowfall (inches) Sept 30 – Oct 16 (Iceland located top-right) [tropicaltidbits.com].

Also note the heavy accumulations expected on Greenland, which will continue 1) it’s healthy start to the SMB season, and 2) the island’s substantial snow and ice gains registered since 2016.

Climate is cyclic, never linear — trends change.

“UNSEASONAL SNOW” KILLS TWO TREKKERS IN NORTHERN INDIA — FOURTEEN MORE STILL STRANDED

Two mountaineers died on the Khemenger glacier in Spiti valley, India this week after unexpected cold and snow set in. Members from the Indo-Tibetan Border Police and army have been sent to rescue a further fourteen that remain trapped.

The 18-strong group included 6 six trekkers from the Arete mountaineering club, 11 porters, and one sherpa.

Two trekkers, Abhijit Banik and one porter, successfully descended the mountain and informed local rescue workers that two people have died and that another fourteen remain stranded on the 5,884 meter- (19,300 feet)-high mountain.

It is thought that it will take three days to reach the trapped members of the group, who are reportedly stuck in deep snow.

Spiti deputy commissioner Neeraj Kumar said two rescue teams have been sent up the mountain, and are expected to reach the trekkers by Friday.

Kumar added: “The two trekkers reportedly died due to cold weather conditions as there was unseasonal snow in the high-altitude region.”


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Intermittent fasting makes fruit flies live longer—will it work for people?

SEPTEMBER 29, 2021, by Columbia University Irving Medical Center
https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-09-intermittent-fasting-fruit-flies-longerwill.html



Credit: CC0 Public Domain





Whether intermittent fasting is called the 5:2 diet or the 16/8 method, celebrities swear that these eating regimens are a great way to lose weight. Fasting is now trendy, but real science backs up claims that fasting two days a week or restricting eating to an eight-hour window each day leads to weight loss.

And scientists have found intermittent fasting has even more health benefits that are not related to weight: Studies in mice and other animals show that intermittent fasting also increases longevity.

But for those who want to adopt intermittent fasting to slow the aging process, there is a catch. In modern society, people are used to three meals a day, and intermittent fasting is hard.

Can the benefits of fasting be packaged in a pill? A new study of fasting fruit flies by Columbia University researchers suggests the answer may be yes.

The study, published Sept. 29 in the journal Nature, revealed how intermittent fasting works inside cells to slow the aging process (at least, for fruit flies) and points to potential ways to get the health benefits of fasting without the hunger pangs.

Intermittent fasting and time-restricted feeding in general limit food, but not overall caloric intake, to specific hours of the day. (In contrast, dietary restriction, which also has been shown to increase longevity, reduces caloric intake.)

"Because intermittent fasting restricts the timing of eating, it's been hypothesized that natural biological clocks play a role," says Mimi Shirasu-Hiza, Ph.D., associate professor of genetics & development at Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons and an expert in circadian rhythms, who led the study.

Shirasu-Hiza and Matt Ulgherait, Ph.D., an associate research scientist in her lab, turned to fruit flies to investigate. Fruit flies have similar biological clocks to humans, staying active during daylight and sleeping at night, while also sharing roughly 70% of human disease-related genes. Fruit flies are an excellent model for aging, Shirasu-Hiza says because fruit flies and humans age in similar ways, but since fruit flies only live for two months, aging experiments are more technically feasible.

The researchers put their flies on one of four different schedules: 24-hour unrestricted access to food, 12-hour daytime access to food, 24-hour fasting following by 24-hour unrestricted feeding, or what the researchers called intermittent time-restricted fasting or iTRF (20 hours of fasting followed by a recovery day of unlimited feeding).

Among the four eating schedules, only iTRF significantly extended the lifespan—18% for females and 13% for males.

And the timing of the 20-hour fast was critical: Lifespan increased only for flies that fasted at night and broke their fast around lunchtime. The lifespans of flies that instead fasted all day, eating only at night, did not change.

For the researchers, the role of time was a big clue to how fasting is linked to longevity. They found that a cell-cleaning process kicks in after fasting, but only when fasting occurs during the night. Scientists call the cell-cleaning process autophagy (Greek for self-eating), and the process is known to slow aging by cleaning up and recycling damaged components of the cell.

"We found that the life-extending benefits of iTRF require a functional circadian rhythm and autophagy components," Shirasu-Hiza says. "When either of those processes were disrupted, the diet had no effect on the animals' longevity."

iTRF not only increased the flies' lifespan, the eating regimen also improved the flies' "healthspan," increasing muscle and neuron function, reducing age-related protein aggregation, and delaying the onset of aging markers in muscles and intestinal tissues.

Human cells use the same cell-cleaning processes, so the findings raise the possibility that behavioral changes or drugs that stimulate the cleaning process could provide people with similar health benefits, delaying age-related diseases and extending the lifespan.

"Any type of restricted eating is difficult," says Ulgherait. "It requires a lot of discipline, and most studies of time-restricted fasting in humans have built in a cheat day to make it more tolerable. It would be much easier to get the same health benefits if we could enhance autophagy pharmacologically, specifically at night."


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Wednesday, 29 September 2021

The magic of biochar

SEPTEMBER 28, 2021, by Ruhr-Universitaet-Bochum

In order to investigate how the use of biochar affects the soil, it is sieved through. The meshes of the sieve measure two millimetres. 
Credit: Damian Gorczany

Ensuring a steady food supply is a problem in many regions of Africa—and the strong population growth will only exacerbate it in the future. Yet the agricultural sector could definitely produce greater yields. Experts estimate that current harvests are 20 to 60 percent lower than they could be.

One of the reasons is the poor soil quality. Isaac Asirifi, a doctoral student at the RUB Department of Soil Science and Soil Ecology headed by Professor Bernd Marschner, is exploring how this can be improved. Having already worked as a Master's student on the previous project Urban Food plus, which was completed in 2018, he is now devoting himself to the biological aspects of soil quality in different vegetation zones in Ghana.

Too much and not enough

"Many vegetable farmers in urban Ghana water their dry soils with wastewater, which is not only contaminated by heavy metals and other substances, but also very nutrient-rich due to feces," explains Asirifi. "Yet they also use mineral fertilizers—it's all way too much, and fails to meet the real needs." There is no soil management, the way the scholarship holder of the German Academic Exchange Service got to know it while conducting research in Germany.

To find out how to improve soil quality, Isaac Asirifi focused on three vegetation zones in Ghana and took soil samples there: in the coastal savannah in the south-east of the country, in the mixed deciduous forest in the heartland, and in the Guinea savannah in the north, where it rains only once a year. The studies have shown that one problem in particular stands in the way of high-yield harvests: the pH level is much too low. "The soils are too acidic to be a good habitat for microorganisms that contribute to soil fertility in many ways," he explains. "They eat, breathe, consume energy, and they give a lot back to the soil, for example phosphorus or nitrogen, both of which plants need to grow."



Preincubation of ash and calcium carbonate (CaCO2) treated soil for the liming experiment 
Credit: Damian Gorczany




The potential of harvest residues

There is a way to make it easier for them: biochar. "In Ghana, plant residues that can't be eaten or fed to livestock aren't used after harvesting, but are simply burned," says Asirifi. This also creates the problem that a lot of carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere, which fuels climate change. But there is great potential in the crop residues: if they are burnt in containers in the absence of oxygen, biochar is produced. It can be made from anything left over from the harvest, and no complex or expensive technology is needed. "If it is introduced into the top 15 to 25 centimeters of the soil, it works its magic," explains Asirifi. That means: once applied, it improves soil quality for years to come.



Analytical methods for determining plant-available nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil and biochar 
Credit: Damian Gorczany





"It's not so much that the biochar itself adds nutrients to the soil, like when you add compost," continues Asirifi. Rather, the charcoal ensures that microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi can settle and thrive more easily. "It reduces acidity, and the many small cavities in the biochar provide protection from predators." In addition, it doesn't wash out. As a result, introducing biochar once has a positive effect on soil quality for years to come, whereas compost has to be spread anew almost every year. A welcome side effect is that the carbon contained in the biochar remains bound in the soil and is not released into the atmosphere as is the case with open burning.

Studies of soil samples have shown that the carbon content in the top ten centimeters of soil, which was 0.8 percent without biochar, increased by 60 to 70 percent after the biochar was incorporated.




Ultrasonic vortexing for the extraction of extracellular enzymes from the biochar 
Credit: Damian Gorczany





A quarter more yield

Isaac Asirifi still considers the amount of biochar needed for soil improvement to be problematic. Calculations show that 20 tons per hectare of cultivated land would be needed to improve the quality significantly. "That's almost impossible for the local people to achieve," says Asirifi, who, however, also knows a way to solve the problem: namely by supplementing the biochar with ash. There is no shortage of that, as about 80 percent of all Ghanaian families cook with wood or coal fires. By mixing 0.5 to one percent ash into the biochar and spreading the mixture on the fields, ten to 15 tons per hectare of land will suffice—a feasible amount, as Asirifi estimates. Farmland treated in this way yields about a quarter more than an untreated one.

The structure of the biochar can be seen under the microscope. It offers a lot of space for microorganisms. 
Credit: Isaac Asirifi

While in Germany, he is currently researching soil biology in greater depth using sophisticated analytical technology. Back in Ghana, he wants to help ensure that the findings are applied in practice. Application notes, target group discussions and workshops with stakeholders such as ministerial staff are being planned.


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Novel mind-body program outperforms other forms of treatment for chronic back pain

SEPTEMBER 28, 2021, by Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center




Credit: Pixabay/CC0 Public Domain





Chronic back pain is the leading cause of disability worldwide. In the United States, patients spend up to $300 billion each year to treat the condition, according to a 2012 study published in the Journal of Pain. However, common therapies such as surgery and steroid injections intended to address physical origins of back pain have not been clearly proven to work in randomized clinical trials, and a growing body of evidence suggests that psychological factors may be associated with of some forms of back pain.

Physician-scientists from Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) developed a 12-week mind-body program that takes a new approach to chronic back pain. The novel intervention—which is not yet available at BIDMC to the general public—is based on an idea pioneered by the late John Sarno, MD, a professor of rehabilitation medicine at the New York University School of Medicine. In a new publication appearing in journal PAIN, the team demonstrated that the mind-body intervention was highly beneficial for treating back pain when compared to standard care, with 64 percent of research volunteers reporting being 100 percent pain free six months later.

"The current paradigm of pain management focuses mostly on treatment of a physical origin of pain, however, in many cases of chronic back pain a physical source of pain cannot be identified," said corresponding author Michael W. Donnino, MD, a physician in the Departments of Critical Care and Emergency Medicine at BIDMC. "Our group focused on the hypothesis that non-specific back pain is the symptomatic manifestation of a psychological process, substantively driven by stress, repressed emotions and other psychological processes. The exact mechanism remains unclear, but an analogy could be made to other known effects of acute emotional states on acute physiological changes, such as how the emotion of embarrassment may result in the capillary vasodilation we know as blushing."

Donnino and colleagues' experimental program, termed Psychophysiologic Symptom Relief Therapy (PSRT), is designed to address underlying stressors and psychological contributors to persistent pain as well as conditioned pain responses and fear avoidant behaviors. Treatment strategies include educating patients about the links between stressors and pain, as well as the relationship with emotions. Armed with this knowledge, participants learn healthier ways to process stress and express emotions. The program also focuses on desensitization or reverse conditioning to help patients break the associations that often are formed with triggers of pain such as bending or sitting.

"Often these triggers are assumed to be cause of pain, but they are perhaps better described as associations that can be unknowingly conditioned in a way that is similar to how Pavlov conditioned dogs to salivate to a bell by pairing the bell with food," Donnino noted. "Our program works to reverse these conditioned responses and thus improve pain and pain disability."

The program's final eight weeks focus on mindfulness-based stress reduction, or MBSR, the goal of which is to provide the tools to better process current and future stressors, while allowing time to practice the techniques from the first portion of the program.

To assess whether PSRT can reduce symptoms and pain-related anxiety in patients with non-specific chronic back pain, Donnino and colleagues enrolled 35 participants, 18 to 67 years old with chronic back pain that lacked a clear physical origin. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either the novel 12-week PSRT intervention, eight weeks of MBSR only, or usual care under the guidance of their physicians without influence from the study team. All participants filled out pain-related questionnaires prior to the interventions and periodically up to six months after the interventions to assess changes in functional limitations or disability, back pain bothersomeness and pain-related anxiety.

After just four weeks, researchers saw an astonishing 83 percent decrease in reported pain disability in the PSRT group compared to 22 percent and 11 percent in the MBSR and usual care groups, respectively. With regard to pain bothersomeness over the same time period, the PSRT group had a 60 percent drop compared to 8 percent and 18 percent decreases in pain bothersomeness for the mindfulness and usual care groups, respectively.

The PSRT group was superior to both usual care and MBSR for the primary endpoint of pain disability at every interval and at the end of the six-month monitoring period. Moreover, at the end of the six-month period, 64 percent of patients with chronic back pain in the PSRT group were completely pain free (reporting 0 out 10 on a pain scale) whereas only 25 percent and 17 percent reported being pain free in the mindfulness and usual care arms, respectively.

"Within four weeks, differences between PSRT, MBSR, and usual care were apparent across multiple domains including the primary outcome measure of functional disability as well as pain bothersomeness," Donnino said. "When patients recognize the relationship between the mind and their physical pain, this orientation sheds new light and provides them a basis to engage with the multifaceted program that works interchangeably to improve pain and disability. This study shows that our program has the potential to be highly beneficial when compared to both usual care as well as usual care plus additional treatments such as MBSR."


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GLOBAL ENERGY CRISIS: CHINA COAL INVENTORY NEARS RECORD LOW, NATION SUFFERS WORST OUTAGES IN A DECADE; LNG PRICES HIT NEW HIGHS; BRENT CRUDE SOARS

SEPTEMBER 29, 2021 CAP ALLON


Global energy reserves are hitting all-time lows and prices are soaring.

Failed renewables, poor foresight, and a historically long and cold NH (north hemisphere CiC) winter of 2020-21 are now pricing ordinary folk out of the market — as one UK charity recently put it, the poorest will soon have to choose between eating and heating.

Energy prices impact EVERYTHING, including the availability of food.

CHINA COAL INVENTORY NEARS RECORD LOW, NATION SUFFERS WORST OUTAGES IN A DECADE

In past years, when the calendar flipped to September, China set to replenishing their coal inventories ahead of the looming cold winter months. This year, however, coal is so scarce that the nation is struggling –and in many cases is failing– to merely keep the lights on.

As of September 21, the total stockpile of thermal coal –used to generate electricity– held by the nation’s six major power-generation groups stood at just 11.31 million tonnes — a shockingly-low reserve.

To put it in perspective, 11.31 million tonnes is capable of meeting China’s energy demand for just 15 days.

State media reports that of China’s 31 provincial jurisdictions, 20 have been forced to implement electricity-rationing measures since mid-September, making it one of the most extreme examples of energy rationing in the nation’s history, especially considering the impact it is having on regular households, and given that we’re only in September, when demand is low.

Power cuts in China are usually restricted to industrial users, but their frequency has risen since the second half of last year and have now been extended to households. The country’s 1.4 billion inhabitants are on for a tough winter of 2021-22.




Mongolia’s coal-fired plants (example above) have struggled with demand, after the region suffered its most extreme winter on record in 2020-21.






LNG PRICES HIT NEW HIGHS

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) prices are set to spike further this winter and will likely surpass previous records set last winter as inventory levels remain historically low.

Asian spot LNG prices hit $29 per million British thermal units (mmBtu) this week, and are expected to remain well above $25 per mmBtu all winter, said Jeff Moore, manager of Platts’ Asian LNG Analytics division.

A cold 2020-21 winter pushed spot prices to a record high $32.50 per mmBtu in mid-January as gas inventory was drawn down to meet the demand surge, explained Moore.

Following that, a pick up in economic activities from the easing of coronavirus-induced restrictions in many countries sent demand spiking further, causing gas storage levels to fall to multi-year lows towards the end of summer, said Sid Bambawale, LNG trading manager at Vitol.

“This week, we start the winter season. It’s going to come down to one thing and that’s the weather,” he said, adding that a cold winter will send prices surging further, which in turn would threaten blackouts for potentially hundreds of millions of people.

Cold temperatures, as you would expect, increase demand for gas for heating and limited storage capacity means companies are not able to stockpile volumes ahead of time.

Record high Dutch TTF gas ( Title Transfer Facility, more commonly known as TTF, is a virtual trading point for natural gas in the Netherlands CiC) prices are also having a direct impact on Asian prices and are sending a ripple effect throughout the entire industry, said Denis Bonhomme, vice president of LNG at Total Energies China.

Dutch TTF gas sky-rocketed 10 percent on Monday alone, to 78 EUR/MWh. This was due to, among other things, to new weather models which foresee a colder than expected winter.

“That causes nervousness,” said Matthuas Detremmerie, trader for energy supplier Elindus.

In Britain, for example, gas prices have more than trebled over the past year — a brutal winter will only compound the misery.

“It’s a tense outlook this winter,” concluded Bambawale.

Prepare…


BRENT CRUDE SOARS

Rising oil price –oil has been on the march for five days in a row now– is also playing a key role in all this.

Brent oil shot above $80 a barrel, the latest milestone in a global energy crisis, on signs that demand is running ahead of supply and depleting inventories–so says the opening lines of a recent worldoil.com article.

Oil’s latest climb comes in line with forecasts for surging demand this winter, and speculation that the industry isn’t investing enough to maintain supplies. The jump to $80 is also adding inflationary pressure to the global economy. European natural gas, carbon permits and power rose to fresh records this week, with no signs of the rally slowing.

Oil prices could hit $90 this year as stock drawdowns deepen, says Goldman Sachs.

Much of the outlook for the rest of the year will hinge on just how cold the northern-hemisphere winter gets, continues the worldoil.com article. And, as touched on above, winter is set to be a doozy as historically low solar activity continues to impact global temperatures — these coming cold months could-well go down as the first of the modern Grand Solar Minimum winters.

Energy shortages and a looming colder-than-average winter — welcome to the controlled demolition of the empire.

AND FINALLY…

Below are pertinent points sent to me by John Shanahan, Civil Engineer, and Editor of allaboutenergy.net:

1) Reliable, affordable, plentiful energy is the only real currency. All paper currencies, even gold, are only worth the trust people put in their governments or how they value gold. With energy from fossil fuels and nuclear power you can do work for retail businesses, manufacturing, heavy industry, transportation, mining, space heating and cooling, food production, communications, information processing, knowledge preservation, education, tourism, entertainment, cell phones, the Internet, and vacations.

2) Since the 1960s, individuals and organizations have worked continuously to stop the progress made possible by fossil fuels, nuclear power, and their myriad of by-products. These people want the world to return to the level before fossil fuels, before 1800 AD. This is criminal, in my opinion, worse than almost all crimes ever committed. It would force the reduction in world population from about 7.9 billion (2021) to less than 1 billion (1800 AD). That will be a slaughter of 6.9 billion people, more than killed by all the wars, plagues, famines, etc. throughout history.

3) Alarmists, many media, and many politicians in North America and Europe are participating in this crime. This was unimaginable to me in the 1950s.

4) If these alarmists succeed in forcing everyone to stop using fossil fuels and nuclear power and impose wind and solar on North America and Europe, both continents will become economic, political, and learning backwaters. They will fall victim to others who are stronger, just like in nature from the smallest to the largest creatures. Nature recycles everything that isn’t alive, strong, healthy and able to control its environment.

One example of terrible things being done to dismantle the modern world is the completely unscientific false alarms that the increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide from 280 ppm (parts per million) in the atmosphere in 1800 AD to 430 ppm today is causing life in the oceans to die. Most of Earth’s history has had atmospheric CO2 at levels far higher than today.

Regarding the Washington Post article from September 14, 2021, “Nuclear fusion goal one step closer with creation of 2 innovative magnets.” Fusion nuclear power on Earth requires numerous small copies of the process in the sun to be working continuously around the world. I don’t expect that any time soon, if ever on a large scale. The first paragraph claims that fusion is an energy source key to the fight against climate change. That kind of writing wouldn’t appear in the lowest level comic book, much less should it be written in the Washington Post.

1) If fusion energy won’t be available worldwide for a long time, if ever, how is fusion nuclear power going to help in the ‘fight against man-made climate change’ supposedly from use of fossil fuels in the next 10, 20, 50 years that our government is forcing us and the world to believe? See U.S. Special Presidential Envoy for Climate, John Forbes Kerry (JFK – 2).

2) The reality is that global and regional climate change are completely natural processes that can not be controlled by humans. Climate of urban areas and flood areas affected by dam controlled rivers can be changed by humans.

3) The Washington Post’s statement that fusion nuclear energy is key to the ‘fight against climate change’ is terrible journalism for a key American newspaper.

John Shanahan’s statements above are backed up by 2,300 articles, reports, PowerPoint Presentation, eBooks, and videos on the website: allaboutenergy.net.

The COLD TIMES are returning, the mid-latitudes are REFREEZING, in line with the great conjunction, historically low solar activity, cloud-nucleating Cosmic Rays, and a meridional jet stream flow (among other forcings).

Both NOAA and NASA appear to agree, if you read between the lines, with NOAA saying we’re entering a ‘full-blown’ Grand Solar Minimum in the late-2020s, and NASA seeing this upcoming solar cycle (25) as “the weakest of the past 200 years”, with the agency correlating previous solar shutdowns to prolonged periods of global cooling here.

Furthermore, we can’t ignore the slew of new scientific papers stating the immense impact The Beaufort Gyre could have on the Gulf Stream, and therefore the climate overall.


Prepare accordingly— learn the facts, relocate if need be, and grow your own.


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The Life of Earth

Tuesday, 28 September 2021

Prehistoric Earth: Climate change driven by volcanic eruptions laid the groundwork for the ascent of dinosaurs

 

Climate change driven by volcanic eruptions laid the groundwork for the ascent of dinosaurs

Enormous volcanic eruptions led to a huge amount of carbon dioxide being released into the atmosphere which caused global temperatures to rise and the hydrological cycle to accelerate, reshaping Pangea.


Sky News, Tuesday 28 September 2021

https://news.sky.com/story/climate-change-driven-by-volcanic-eruptions-laid-the-groundwork-for-the-ascent-of-dinosaurs-12419565

Ecological changes following intense volcanic activity paved the way for dinosaurs to become the dominant species


A new study has revealed how the rise of dinosaurs more than 230 million years ago coincided with environmental changes driven by enormous volcanic eruptions.

Known as the Late Triassic Carnian Pluvial Episode (CPE), this interval of enormous climate change saw temperatures and humidity rise around the entirety of the Earth.

Before the CPE, the climate of the supercontinent Pangea is believed to have generally been arid, but during this period it became wet and ripe for life.

A team of researchers, including experts based at the University of Birmingham, analysed sediment and fossil plant records from a lake in northern China's Jiyuan Basin.

They found these records showed a correlation between "pulses of volcanic activity with significant environmental changes", including the "mega monsoon" climate of the CPE.

Their findings are published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences and detail four distinct episodes of volcanic activity, including major eruptions from the Wrangellia large igneous province.

Also known as the Wrangellia Terrane, after the Wrangell Mountains in Alaska, this fragment of tectonic crust is believed to have been the source for the enormous volcanism that changed the Earth's climate around 230 million years ago.


The primary cause of this climate change was the introduction of enormous amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and ocean during this period.

The increased volume of CO2 in the atmosphere drove global warming and as such accelerated the hydrological cycle, meaning much more rain.

Professor Jason Hilton, co-author of the study and an expert in palaeobotany and palaeoenvironments at the University of Birmingham, explained the findings.

"Within the space of two million years the world's animal and plant life underwent major changes including selective extinctions in the marine realm and diversification of plant and animal groups on land.

"These events coincide with a remarkable interval of intense rainfall known as the Carnian Pluvial Episode," the professor said.

"Our research shows, in a detailed record from a lake in North China, that this period can actually be resolved into four distinct events, each one driven by discrete pulses of powerful volcanic activity associated with enormous releases of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. These triggered an increase in global temperature and humidity."

The evidence of major climatic changes was also found in Central Europe, East Greenland, Morocco, North America, and Argentina, and found that the increased rainfall of the CPE resulted in Pangea's drainage basins converging into lakes and swamps rather than rivers or oceans.

"Our results show that large volcanic eruptions can occur in multiple, discrete pulses - demonstrating their powerful ability to alter the global carbon cycle, cause climate and hydrological disruption and drive evolutionary processes," added co-author Dr Sarah Greene.

Dr Emma Dunne, a palaeobiologist at the University of Birmingham who was not involved in the study, commented: "This relatively long period of volcanic activity and environmental change would have had considerable consequences for animals on land.

"At this time, the dinosaurs had just begun to diversify, and it’s likely that without this event, they would never have reached their ecological dominance we see over the next 150 million years," Dr Dunne said.

Professor Hilton added: "In addition to dinosaurs, this remarkable period in Earth history was also important for the rise of modern conifer groups and had a major impact on the evolution of terrestrial ecosystems and animal and plant life - including ferns, crocodiles, turtles, insects and the first mammals."

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